Saturday, 31 May 2014

ITC105 - Assessment 3 - Part 2 (Blog 3)



“Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have a right to do and what is right to do. -- Justice Potter Stewart” (Engstrom, 2013, p. 3).    Chan et al. (2014) defined ethics as the conventional standards and moral principles that influence a person or group’s sense of what is right and wrong, good and bad, proper and improper.  Looking at the topic of ethics as it relates to business communication, we see that “the goals of ethical business communicators include abiding by the law, telling the truth, labelling opinions, being objective, communicating clearly, using inclusive language, and giving credit” (Chan et al., 2014, p. 282).

Since the recent economic crisis, commonly referred to as the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), many business communicators have been trying to regain consumer confidence by making an effort to be more ethical in their communications with the general public (Chan et al., 2014).  There is one group, however,  who are generally perceived as being less than ethical with their public communications, and these are our politicians (McAllister, 2000). 

The believability of pre-election political communications has long been a subject of discussion and most voters seem to be well aware that not all information sources are as trustworthy as others during an election campaign (O'Cass, 2002).   In recent weeks the discussion on ethical communications has come very much to the forefront of public interest with the revelations contained within the new Coalition government’s first budget paper (Rajca, 2014).  Many Australian voters believe that the Coalition have now broken almost all of the significant promises that were made before the election (Rajca, 2014) .    

There is “little disagreement among voters that politicians will tell lies if they believe that the truth will hurt them politically” (McAllister, 2000, p. 24).  Chan et al. (2014) described a number of reasons why communicators may be less than truthful, and we can look to these to try to explain why there is such a disparity between what the Coalition promised prior to the election and their current plans for Australia’s future.  In my opinion the Coalition have fallen into either “The Self-Deception Trap” or “The Ends-Justify-The-Means Trap” (Chan et al., 2014, pp. 279-280).  If we’re being generous we may say that the Coalition fell into “The Self-Deception Trap” (Chan et al., 2014, p. 279) by actually believing that they were capable of fulfilling all of the promises made to the Australian public during the election campaign.  Perhaps these promises were not, in fact, lies but merely naïve over-reaching by an overconfident leader.  However, if we were to view the events in a slightly less favourable light, we may say that the Coalition fell into “The Ends-Justify-The-Means Trap” (Chan et al., 2014, p. 280).  If the leaders of the Coalition believed that their potential government represented the only possible solution to what they perceived as being a crisis in the Australian economy, they may have decided to promise whatever was necessary in order to win the election so that they would then be able to address these supposed issues. 

Unfortunately we, the voting public, may never fully know the truth behind these broken promises.  The only thing that we can be reasonably confident of, is that there will be more promises made just as soon as the next election is announced.





Reference List



Sunday, 11 May 2014

ITC105 - Assessment 3 - Part 1 (Blog 2)

“We live in an age of technological miracles.  Communication capabilities that were considered science fiction 25 years ago are now commonplace” (Chan et al., 2014, p. 79).  During a career spanning over thirty years in the Information Technology industry, I have witnessed the evolution of online communication from its beginnings in non-interactive, text only communications, through interactive text messaging, multimedia messaging and ultimately to fully interactive video conferencing.   I have also experienced the difficulties in communication that can arise as a result of the lack of non-verbal cues when using these digital communications media.   

Non-verbal communication (NVC) can be defined in a number of ways:

While in broad definitions NVC includes any kind of non-verbal messages (or non-verbal signs) proper to informative processes, more narrow definitions restrict it to non-language (or better non-linguistic) phenomena that are interrelated — often in an intricate way — with verbal language and can be found in interactive or communicative processes (Payrató 2009: 164, as cited in Dynel 2011, p423).

Dynel (2011) observed that non-verbal signs and signals are prevalent and abundant in practically all social encounters, whether the individuals involved interact consciously or not.  “Body language and facial expressions can sometimes tell more about what one is trying to express than what one actually says in face-to-face interactions.” (Park, Barash, Fink, & Cha, 2013, p. 466).  Krohn (2004, p. 322) stated that “An additional perspective on the use of non-verbal communication is that it is traditionally and commonly assumed to be unintentional. Consequently, non-verbal cues tend to be more believable than verbal”.  Krohn (2004) goes on to note that facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, body language and other traditional non-verbal dimensions of communications are lacking in Computer Mediated Communication (CMC).  

Given the lack of these non-verbal dimensions in most forms of digital communications, many people adapt their language and style to whatever system is at their disposal (Walther, Loh, & Granka, 2005). One of the mechanisms by which people attempt to insert non-verbal elements into text based communication is through the use of emoticons, which are often described as punctuation marks that can resemble certain facial expressions (Krohn, 2004).  “Emoticons are a key aspect of text-based communication, and are the equivalent of nonverbal cues to the medium of online chat, forums, and social media like Twitter” (Park et al., 2013, p. 466).

It has been my experience that, while these emoticons may work well between people with similar cultural backgrounds, their meaning can sometimes be lost when communicating with those from different cultures. Park et al. (2013) discovered that the types of emoticons used by people varied depending on the geography and culture of the user.  Over the years, my family has hosted a number of youth exchange students from a variety of countries.  One of the things that my children have found most challenging when interacting with their host brothers and sisters, is the way in which the interpretation of text only messages can differ from one culture to another.  Park et al. (2013) found that emoticons are a critical part of text-based communication, but even these cannot fully compensate for the loss of the non-verbal elements and in some cases the interpretation of emoticons vary greatly from culture to culture.



Reference List

Chan, A., Lehman, C. M., DuFrene, D. D., Cameron-Dow, J., Barrett, M., Murphy, W., . . . Charles Sturt, U. (2014). ITC105 : communication and information management for Charles Sturt University (First edition. ed.). Australia: Cengage Learning.
Dynel, M. (2011). Turning speaker meaning on its head: Non-verbal communication and intended meanings. Pragmatics & Cognition, 19(3), 422-447.
Jacobs, M. (2012). Playing “Nice”: What Online Gaming Can Teach Us about Multiculturalism Computer-Mediated Communication across Cultures: International Interactions in Online Environments (pp. 32-44): IGI Global.
Krohn, F. B. (2004). A generational approach to using emoticons as nonverbal communication. Journal of Technical Writing & Communication, 34(4), 321-328.
Park, J., Barash, V., Fink, C., & Cha, M. (2013). Emoticon style: Interpreting differences in emoticons across cultures. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Seventh International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media.
St.Amant, K., & Kelsey, S. (2012). Computer-Mediated Communication across Cultures: International Interactions in Online Environments (Vol. Hershey, PA, USA): IGI Global.
Walther, J. B., Loh, T., & Granka, L. (2005). Let Me Count the Ways: The Interchange of Verbal and Nonverbal Cues in Computer-Mediated and Face-to-Face Affinity. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 24(1), 36-65. doi: 10.1177/0261927x04273036
Yee, N. J. N. U. M. F. D. (2007). The Unbearable Likeness of Being Digital: The Persistence of Nonverbal Social Norms in Online Virtual Environments. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(1), 115-121. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2006.9984